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What is IPO : Full Form, Meaning, Types, Benefits, & How it works?
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An IPO is the transition point for a private company to become publicly traded. Offering shares to the public raises equity capital, facilitates existing asset trading, and attracts potential investors, marking a significant step in the company's financial journey.
While any company can aspire to list an IPO in India, it must meet eligibility criteria set by regulatory authorities such as SEBI. Criteria include financial stability, profitability, track record, and compliance with disclosure norms. Engaging with financial advisors is crucial to navigating regulatory requirements for a successful IPO.
An IPO's pricing involves methods like fixed pricing or book building. In a fixed price offer, the company sets a predetermined price, while book building involves a price band where investors bid for shares, determining the final price based on demand.
Once an IPO is completed and shares are allotted to investors, the company's shares are listed on the stock exchange. This usually occurs a few days after the IPO closes.
An IPO, or Initial Public Offering, is when a private company sells its shares to the public for the first time. This process helps the company raise capital and become listed on a stock exchange, allowing public trading of its shares.
Anyone can invest in an IPO, including individual investors, institutional investors, and high-net-worth individuals (HNIs). However, some IPOs may have specific eligibility criteria or requirements, such as minimum investment amounts.
To purchase an IPO, you need to apply through a broker or a financial institution. You’ll typically fill out an application form, provide necessary documents, and place your bid for shares at the IPO price.
The minimum amount for investing in an IPO varies by company and offering. It could range from a few thousand to several lakhs of rupees, depending on the share price and the number of shares you wish to buy.
Disclaimer: This Article is for information purposes only. The views expressed in this Article do not necessarily constitute the views of Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. (“Bank”) or its employees. The Bank makes no warranty of any kind with respect to the completeness or accuracy of the material and articles contained in this Article. The information contained in this Article is sourced from empaneled external experts for the benefit of the customers and it does not constitute legal advice from the Bank. The Bank, its directors, employees and the contributors shall not be responsible or liable for any damage or loss resulting from or arising due to reliance on or use of any information contained herein. Tax laws are subject to amendment from time to time. The above information is for general understanding and reference. This is not legal advice or tax advice, and users are advised to consult their tax advisors before making any decision or taking any action.
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An Initial Public Offering (IPO) is a key milestone for a private firm as it becomes a publicly traded corporation. This procedure comprises the company's first public sale of shares, which allows it to raise funds by selling ownership holdings to individual and institutional investors. The IPO procedure not only provides the firm with the necessary capital for expansion and growth but also allows investors to participate in the company's development from the start. This guide will explain what IPO is, how it works, the many types of IPOs, their advantages, and vital insights into investing in IPOs, allowing you to better understand this critical financial event and its influence on the market.
What is Initial Public Offerings (IPO) & Full Form?
Initial Public Offering (IPO) is the process by which private companies sell their shares to the public intending to raise equity capital from public investors. The full form of IPO is Initial Public Offering. This process turns a privately held company into a publicly traded one and helps raise capital for its growth. Investors can purchase shares early and benefit as the company expands. During an IPO, shares are offered to institutional investors, high-net-worth individuals (HNIs), and the general public, as described in a prospectus. After the IPO, these shares can be traded freely on the stock market.
Types of IPO
Investing in an IPO presents distinct advantages, with two common types offering varied benefits.
Fixed Price Offering
Book Building Offering
How Does Initial Public Offering (IPO) Work?
Launching an IPO is a significant step for any company, offering opportunities for growth, expansion, and increased visibility in the market. By understanding each step of the IPO process carefully, companies can position themselves for success in the dynamic world of public markets.
Engaging an Underwriter or Investment Bank
The journey towards an IPO begins with selecting an underwriter or investment bank. These financial experts play a pivotal role in analysing the company's financial health, managing the overall IPO issuance, and acting as a bridge between the company and potential investors.
2. Preparing for IPO Registration
Companies in India must adhere to IPO guidelines by regulatory bodies like SEBI. The first step involves crafting a comprehensive registration statement and a Draft Red Herring Prospectus (DRHP). These documents give potential investors essential insights into the company's operations, financials, and plans.
3. SEBI Approval and Verification
Once the registration statement and DRHP are ready, they are submitted to the SEBI for approval. It meticulously verifies the disclosed information to ensure accuracy and transparency. Upon successful verification, the company receives the green light to proceed with its IPO plans.
4. Listing on Stock Exchanges
With SEBI's approval secured, the company can apply to list its public offering on the stock exchanges. This crucial step marks the company's official entry into the public trading arena, allowing investors to buy and sell its shares on the open market.
5. Strategic Marketing Initiatives
Companies embark on comprehensive marketing campaigns to generate interest and attract potential investors. These efforts may include social media outreach, roadshows, advertisements, and investor presentations to showcase the company's value proposition and growth potential.
6. Setting the Price
Determining the offering price of the shares is an important decision for the company. It can be accomplished through either a Fixed Price or Book Building Offering method, each with its considerations and implications.
7. Facilitating the Bidding Process
Investors can place bids within the specified price range during the bidding process. This phase typically spans several days, allowing investors to adjust their bids before the final allocation.
8. Allocation and Allotment
Following the conclusion of the bidding process, the company, in conjunction with the underwriters, allocates shares to successful applicants. In cases of oversubscription, partial allotments may be made to ensure fair distribution.
What is the IPO Timeline?
The IPO timeline shows a company's key steps to become publicly traded. Here’s a simple breakdown-
This timeline helps companies and investors understand what to expect during the IPO.
What are the Benefits of investing in an IPO
Here are the various benefits of investing in an IPO:
- Increased Recognition: Going public elevates a company's reputation and credibility, fostering trust among stakeholders and investors. Moreover, publicly traded companies often enjoy greater visibility and recognition than their private counterparts, attracting media attention and investor interest.
- Access to Capital: Another significant benefit of investing in an IPO is access to capital. IPOs provide substantial capital, enabling companies to fuel growth initiatives, expand operations, invest in research and development, and address debt obligations. This capital infusion can propel a company into a new phase of financial stability, supporting strategic initiatives and fostering long-term growth.
- Diversification Opportunity: Public offering of shares also offers investors a valuable diversification opportunity. Publicly listed companies attract a diverse range of investors, reducing reliance on a single funding source and enhancing portfolio diversification for shareholders. Additionally, publicly traded stocks offer investors the opportunity to diversify their investment portfolios and participate in the growth potential of emerging companies.
- Management Discipline: Investing in an IPO promotes management discipline within a company. Going public encourages a greater emphasis on profitability and financial performance, driving management to prioritise shareholder value and operational efficiency. Furthermore, public companies are subject to heightened scrutiny and accountability, fostering transparency and accountability in corporate governance practices.
- Third-Party Perspective: Lastly, investing in an IPO provides companies with a valuable third-party perspective. Public listing evaluates a company's business model, strategy, and performance, providing insights for strategic decision-making. Additionally, investor interest and market response to an IPO serve as external validation of a company's value proposition, positioning it for continued growth and success.
IPO Advantages and Disadvantages
Increased Recognition:
Going public boosts a company’s reputation and visibility, attracting more media attention and enhancing credibility.
Higher Costs:
IPOs involve substantial expenses, including fees for underwriters, investment banks, and regulatory compliance.
Access to Capital:
An IPO brings in significant funds, helping companies accelerate growth and expand their operations.
Increased Pressure:
Public companies face pressure to keep stock prices high, which can lead to a focus on short-term gains over long-term strategies. Executives might find it challenging to make bold decisions during market fluctuations.
Eligibility Criteria for Offering an IPO
For a company to offer an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the Indian stock market, it must fulfil several regulatory and procedural requirements. Here is a general outline of the steps and requirements:
Eligibility Criteria:
The company must be incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. It should have a track record of profitability, positive net worth, and minimum net tangible assets.
Compliance with SEBI Regulations:
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory authority for securities markets in India. The company must comply with SEBI regulations regarding IPOs. SEBI prescribes various disclosures, corporate governance, and investor protection norms that companies must adhere to.
Appointment of Intermediaries:
The company must appoint various intermediaries such as investment bankers, underwriters, and other professionals involved in the IPO process.
Due Diligence:
Conduct a thorough due diligence process to ensure that the company's legal and financial aspects are in order. This includes auditing financial statements, legal compliances, and business operations.
Drafting the Prospectus:
Prepare a detailed prospectus that includes information about the company's business, financials, risks, and the purpose of the IPO.
Board Approval:
Obtain approval for the IPO from the company's board of directors.
Approval from Shareholders:
Seek approval for the IPO from the company's shareholders through a special resolution.
Filing with SEBI:
Submit the draft prospectus and other required documents to SEBI for approval. SEBI will review the documents and provide observations.
IPO Pricing:
Determine the issue price of the shares in consultation with the lead manager. The pricing is often a function of market conditions and demand for the company's shares.
Advertising and Marketing:
Conduct campaigns to market the IPO to potential investors. Today, many trading apps, social media influencers, and channels cater to investors.
Listing Agreement:
Enter into a listing agreement with the stock exchanges where the company intends to list its shares.
Allotment and Refund:
Allot shares to investors and ensure the refund of excess application money.
Listing on Stock Exchanges:
After completion of the allotment process, the company's shares are listed on the stock exchanges.
It's important to note that the regulatory framework may be subject to changes, and companies should consult with legal and financial experts to ensure compliance with the latest regulations. Additionally, engaging with reputable investment banks and financial advisors can significantly assist in the successful execution of an IPO.
These eligibility criteria streamline the IPO process, ensuring companies meet the essential documentation and account requirements stipulated by regulatory authorities.
Why does a company offer an IPO?
Companies opt for an IPO for several strategic reasons-
An IPO helps a company raise significant funds to support expansion, research, and development or to pay off existing debts.
Going public increases the company's visibility and credibility, attracting more media attention and potential business opportunities.
It allows early investors and company founders to sell their shares and realise gains.
The capital raised can be used for mergers, acquisitions, or entering new markets, accelerating growth and competitiveness.
An IPO is a significant step for a company, providing the funds and exposure needed to advance its business goals.
Performance Factors of IPOs
Key factors influencing the performance of IPOs:
Also Read: What is an e-invoice?
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